夫民之性,好安而其危,好逸而其劳,故不扰而其愿得,不逼则其志从。洪荒之迟,大朴未亏,君顺文于上,民顺竞于下;物全理顺,莫不自得;饱则安寝,饥则求食;怡然鼓腹,不知为至德之迟也。若此,则安知仁义之端,礼律之文?
及至人不存,大道陵迟,乃始作文墨,以传其意:区别群物,使有类族;造立仁义,以婴其心;制为名分,以检其外;勤学讲文,以神其教。故六经纷错,百家繁炽,开荣利之途,故奔骛而不觉。是以贪生之禽,食园池之梁菽;求安之士,乃诡志以从俗。操笔执觚,足容苏息;积学明经,以代稼穑。是以困而后学,学以致荣;计而后习,好而习成;有似自然,故令吾子谓之自然耳。推其矣也,六经以抑引为主,人性以从容为欢。抑引则违其愿,从欲则得自然。然则自然之得,不由抑引之六经;全性之本,不须犯情之礼律。故知仁义务于理伪,非养真之要术;廉让生于争夺,非自然之所出也。由是言之:则鸟不毁以求驯,兽不群而求畜;则人之真性顺为,正当自然耽此礼学矣。
论又云:嘉肴珍膳,虽所未尝,尝必美之,适于口也。处在暗室,睹烝烛之光,不教而悦得于心,况以长夜之冥,得照太阳;情变郁陶,而发其蒙。虽事以末来,情以本应,则顺损于自然好学。
难曰:夫口之于甘苦,身之于痛痒,感物而动,应事而作,不须学而后能,不待借而后有,此必然之理,吾所不易也。今子以必然之理,喻未必然之好学,则恐似是而非之议。学如一粟之论,于是乎在也。今子立六经以为准,仰仁义以为主,以规矩为轩驾,以讲诲为哺乳。由其途则通,乖其路则滞;游心极视,不睹其外;终年驰聘,思不出位。聚族献议,唯学为贵。执书擿句,俯仰咨嗟;使服膺其言,以为荣华。故吾子谓六经为太阳,不学为长夜耳。今若以明堂为丙舍,以诵讽为鬼语,以六经为芜秽,以仁义为臭腐,睹文籍则目瞧,修揖让则变伛,袭章服则转筋,谭礼典则齿龋。于是兼而弃之,与万物为更始,则吾子虽好学不倦,犹将阙焉。则向之不学,未必为长夜,六经未必为太阳也。俗语曰:乞儿不辱马医。若遇上古顺文之治,可不学而获安,不勤而得志,则何求于六经,何欲于仁义哉?
以此言之,则今之学者,岂不先计而后学?苟计而后动,则非自然之应也。子之云云,恐故得菖蒲菹耳!
fu夫min民zhi之xing性,hao好an安er而qi其wei危,hao好yi逸er而qi其lao劳,gu故bu不rao扰er而qi其yuan愿de得,bu不bi逼ze则qi其zhi志cong从。hong洪huang荒zhi之chi迟,da大pu朴wei未kui亏,jun君shun顺wen文yu于shang上,min民shun顺jing竞yu于xia下;wu物quan全li理shun顺,mo莫bu不zi自de得;bao饱ze则an安qin寝,ji饥ze则qiu求shi食;yi怡ran然gu鼓fu腹,bu不zhi知wei为zhi至de德zhi之chi迟ye也。ruo若ci此,ze则an安zhi知ren仁yi义zhi之duan端,li礼lv律zhi之wen文?
ji及zhi至ren人bu不cun存,da大dao道ling陵chi迟,nai乃shi始zuo作wen文mo墨,yi以chuan传qi其yi意:qu区bie别qun群wu物,shi使you有lei类zu族;zao造li立ren仁yi义,yi以ying婴qi其xin心;zhi制wei为ming名fen分,yi以jian检qi其wai外;qin勤xue学jiang讲wen文,yi以shen神qi其jiao教。gu故liu六jing经fen纷cuo错,bai百jia家fan繁chi炽,kai开rong荣li利zhi之tu途,gu故ben奔wu骛er而bu不jue觉。shi是yi以tan贪sheng生zhi之qin禽,shi食yuan园chi池zhi之liang梁shu菽;qiu求an安zhi之shi士,nai乃gui诡zhi志yi以cong从su俗。cao操bi笔zhi执gu觚,zu足rong容su苏xi息;ji积xue学ming明jing经,yi以dai代jia稼se穑。shi是yi以kun困er而hou后xue学,xue学yi以zhi致rong荣;ji计er而hou后xi习,hao好er而xi习cheng成;you有shi似zi自ran然,gu故ling令wu吾zi子wei谓zhi之zi自ran然er耳。tui推qi其yi矣ye也,liu六jing经yi以yi抑yin引wei为zhu主,ren人xing性yi以cong从rong容wei为huan欢。yi抑yin引ze则wei违qi其yuan愿,cong从yu欲ze则de得zi自ran然。ran然ze则zi自ran然zhi之de得,bu不you由yi抑yin引zhi之liu六jing经;quan全xing性zhi之ben本,bu不xu须fan犯qing情zhi之li礼lv律。gu故zhi知ren仁yi义wu务yu于li理wei伪,fei非yang养zhen真zhi之yao要shu术;lian廉rang让sheng生yu于zheng争duo夺,fei非zi自ran然zhi之suo所chu出ye也。you由shi是yan言zhi之:ze则niao鸟bu不hui毁yi以qiu求xun驯,shou兽bu不qun群er而qiu求chu畜;ze则ren人zhi之zhen真xing性shun顺wei为,zheng正dang当zi自ran然dan耽ci此li礼xue学yi矣。
lun论you又yun云:jia嘉yao肴zhen珍shan膳,sui虽suo所wei未chang尝,chang尝bi必mei美zhi之,shi适yu于kou口ye也。chu处zai在an暗shi室,du睹zheng烝zhu烛zhi之guang光,bu不jiao教er而yue悦de得yu于xin心,kuang况yi以chang长ye夜zhi之ming冥,de得zhao照tai太yang阳;qing情bian变yu郁tao陶,er而fa发qi其meng蒙。sui虽shi事yi以mo末lai来,qing情yi以ben本ying应,ze则shun顺sun损yu于zi自ran然hao好xue学。
nan难yue曰:fu夫kou口zhi之yu于gan甘ku苦,shen身zhi之yu于tong痛yang痒,gan感wu物er而dong动,ying应shi事er而zuo作,bu不xu须xue学er而hou后neng能,bu不dai待jie借er而hou后you有,ci此bi必ran然zhi之li理,wu吾suo所bu不yi易ye也。jin今zi子yi以bi必ran然zhi之li理,yu喻wei未bi必ran然zhi之hao好xue学,ze则kong恐shi似shi是er而fei非zhi之yi议。xue学ru如yi一su粟zhi之lun论,yu于shi是hu乎zai在ye也。jin今zi子li立liu六jing经yi以wei为zhun准,yang仰ren仁yi义yi以wei为zhu主,yi以gui规ju矩wei为xuan轩jia驾,yi以jiang讲hui诲wei为bu哺ru乳。you由qi其tu途ze则tong通,guai乖qi其lu路ze则zhi滞;you游xin心ji极shi视,bu不du睹qi其wai外;zhong终nian年chi驰pin聘,si思bu不chu出wei位。ju聚zu族xian献yi议,wei唯xue学wei为gui贵。zhi执shu书ti擿ju句,fu俯yang仰zi咨jie嗟;shi使fu服ying膺qi其yan言,yi以wei为rong荣hua华。gu故wu吾zi子wei谓liu六jing经wei为tai太yang阳,bu不xue学wei为chang长ye夜er耳。jin今ruo若yi以ming明tang堂wei为bing丙she舍,yi以song诵feng讽wei为gui鬼yu语,yi以liu六jing经wei为wu芜hui秽,yi以ren仁yi义wei为chou臭fu腐,du睹wen文ji籍ze则mu目qiao瞧,xiu修yi揖rang让ze则bian变yu伛,xi袭zhang章fu服ze则zhuan转jin筋,tan谭li礼dian典ze则chi齿qu龋。yu于shi是jian兼er而qi弃zhi之,yu与wan万wu物wei为geng更shi始,ze则wu吾zi子sui虽hao好xue学bu不juan倦,you犹jiang将que阙yan焉。ze则xiang向zhi之bu不xue学,wei未bi必wei为chang长ye夜,liu六jing经wei未bi必wei为tai太yang阳ye也。su俗yu语yue曰:qi乞er儿bu不ru辱ma马yi医。ruo若yu遇shang上gu古shun顺wen文zhi之zhi治,ke可bu不xue学er而huo获an安,bu不qin勤er而de得zhi志,ze则he何qiu求yu于liu六jing经,he何yu欲yu于ren仁yi义zai哉?
yi以ci此yan言zhi之,ze则jin今zhi之xue学zhe者,qi岂bu不xian先ji计er而hou后xue学?gou苟ji计er而hou后dong动,ze则fei非zi自ran然zhi之ying应ye也。zi子zhi之yun云yun云,kong恐gu故de得chang菖pu蒲ju菹er耳!